Use of neuronal sodium channel antagonists for the control of ectoparasites in homeothermic animals

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an effective method and composition for the prevention, amelioration or control of external parasites on a human or animal via the administration of a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist to a human or animal in need thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Virtually all commercial and most companion animals are affected by ectoparasites, often resulting in clinical disease and subclinical conditions that adversely affect the animal. Insects such as Phthiraptera (lice) and Diptera (flies), are among the most economically important ectoparasites affecting animal production. Insects such as Siphonaptera (fleas) are pests to companion animals. Ticks and mites in the order Acarina are serious pests of both production and companion animals. Ectoparasitic infection and infestation seriously affect the economies of raising production animals and also are a source of great concern for companion animals. New economic methods and compositions for the prevention, treatment and control of ectoparasites in warm-blooded animals are constantly being sought.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention comprises a method for the prevention, amelioration or control of ectoparasitic infection or infestation in a homeothermic animal which comprises administering to a homeothermic animal in need thereof a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist. The present invention further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist. The neuronal sodium channel antagonist used in the method and composition of this invention preferably is a compound of formula I, II or III

[0003] wherein A is CR₄R₅ or NR₆;

[0004] W is O or S;

[0005] X, Y, Z, X′, Y′ and Z′ are each independently H; halogen; OH; CN; NO₂; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy or sulfonyloxy groups;

[0006] C₁-C₆alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups;

[0007] C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, phenyl optionally substituted with one or

[0008] more halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxy groups;

[0009] aminocarbonyloxy optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₃alkyl groups;

[0010] C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyloxy; C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyloxy;

[0011] C₂-C₆alkenyl; or NR₁₂R₁₃;

[0012] m, p and q are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

[0013] n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;

[0014] r is an integer of 1 or 2;

[0015] t is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0016] R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl;

[0017] R₆ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy,C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylthio, or C₁-C₆haloalkylthio;

[0018] R₇ and R₈ are each independently H; halogen;

[0019] C₁-C₆alkyl; C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyloxy; or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy or

[0020] C₁-C₆haloalkoxy groups;

[0021] R₁₁ and R₁₀ are each independently H, or C₁-C₄alkyl;

[0022] R₁₁ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁-C₆haloalkoxycarbonyl;

[0023] R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl;

[0024] G is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, CN, NO₂S(O)_(u)R₁₄, COR₁₅, CO₂R₁₆, phenyl or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups;

[0025] C₁-C₆alkoxy; C₁-C₆haloalkoxy; CN; NO₂; S(O)_(u)R₁₇; COR₁₈; CO₂R₁₉; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃haloalkoxy groups;

[0026] C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; or phenylthio;

[0027] Q is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, SCN, NO₂, S(O)_(u)R₂₀, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, or NR₂₁R₂₂ groups;

[0028] u is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;

[0029] R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₈, R₁₉, R₂₁ and R₂₂ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl;

[0030] R₁₇ and R₂₀ are each independently C₁-C₆alkyl or C₁-C₆haloalkyl;

[0031] R₃₃ is CO₂R₃₄;

[0032] R₃₄ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, phenyl or halophenyl; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond or a single bond;

[0033] or a compound of formula IV or V

[0034] wherein W is O or S;

[0035] X″ and Y″ are each independently H; halogen; CN; SCN; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, NO₂, CN, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, phenyl, halophenyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfonyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxycarbonyl groups;

[0036] C₂-C₄alkenyl; C₂-C₄haloalkenyl; C₂-C₄alkynyl; C₂-C₄haloalkynyl; C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; C₃-C₆halocycloalkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfonyl groups;

[0037] C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl; C₁-C₄haloalkylcarbonyl; or NR₂₈R₂₉; m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0038] G′ is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″;

[0039] a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 5-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″; or

[0040] a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 6-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″;

[0041] Q′ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄alkylsulfinyl groups;

[0042] C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three groups, which may be the same or different, selected from X″;

[0043] R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and R₂₉ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl;

[0044] and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond or a single bond;

[0045] or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0046] An object of this invention is to provide a method for the prevention, amelioration or control of ectoparasitic infection or infestation in a homeothermic animal which comprises administering to a homeothermic animal in need thereof a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist.

[0047] A further object of this invention is to provide a composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist.

[0048] It is also an object of this invention to provide an effective method for the prevention, treatment or control of ectoparasitic infection or infestation in animals and humans.

[0049] It is another object of this invention to provide an ectoparasiticidal composition suitable for use on animals and humans.

[0050] Further objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description set forth below, and from the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0051] Ecotoparasiticidal infection and infestation are a constant problem in animal husbandry and in the care and raising of companion animals. Surprisingly, it has now been found that ectoparasites may be prevented or controlled in homeothermic animals by administration to said animals of a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist. The term “neuronal sodium channel antagonist” as used herein designates a compound which is capable of preventing the ability of a neuron cell to transfer sodium ions across the cell membrane. A neuron cell thus affected is unable to fire, resulting in paralysis, and ultimately mortality in the target pest. Descriptions of neuronal sodium channel antagonists and their mode of action may be found in Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 60: 177-185 or Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 37: 91-103.

[0052] Neuronal sodium channel antagonists have been available in the art, and include compounds such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,543,573; 5,708,170; 5,324,837 and 5,462,938, the descriptions of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Exemplary of the neuronal sodium channel antagonist compounds useful in the anti-ectoparasitic method and composition of this invention are those compounds having one of the following the structural formulae:

[0053] wherein A is CR₄R₅ or NR₆;

[0054] W is O or S;

[0055] X, Y, Z, X′, Y′ and Z′ are each independently H; halogen; OH; CN; NO₂; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy or sulfonyloxy groups; C₁-C₆alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups;

[0056] C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxy groups;

[0057] aminocarbonyloxy optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₃alkyl groups;

[0058] C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyloxy; C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyloxy;

[0059] C₂-C₆alkenyl; or NR₁₂R₁₃;

[0060] m, p and q are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

[0061] n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;

[0062] r is an integer of 1 or 2;

[0063] t is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4;

[0064] R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl;

[0065] R₆ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy,C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylthio, or C₁-C₆haloalkylthio;

[0066] R₇ and R₈ are each independently H; halogen;

[0067] C₁-C₆alkyl; C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyloxy; or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy or C₁-C₆haloalkoxy groups;

[0068] R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently H, or C₁-C₄alkyl;

[0069] R₁₁ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁-C₆haloalkoxycarbonyl;

[0070] R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl;

[0071] G is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, CN, NO₂S(O),R₁₄, COR₁₅, CO₂R₁₆, phenyl or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups;

[0072] C₁-C₆alkoxy; C₁-C₆haloalkoxy; CN; NO₂; S(O),R₁ ₇; COR₁₈; CO₂R₁₉; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃haloalkoxy groups;

[0073] C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; or phenylthio;

[0074] Q is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, SCN, NO₂, S(O)_(u)R₂₀, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkoxy, or NR₂₁R₂₂ groups;

[0075] u is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;

[0076] R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₈, R₁₉, R₂₁ and R₂₂ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl;

[0077] R₁₇ and R₂₀ are each independently C₁-C₆alkyl or C₁-C₆haloalkyl;

[0078] R₃₃ is CO₂R₃₄;

[0079] R₃₄ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, phenyl or halophenyl; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a

[0080] double bond or a single bond (i.e. C—N or C═N); or

[0081] a stereoisomer thereof.

[0082] The term haloalkyl as used in the specification and claims designates alkyl group C_(x)H_(2x+1) having 1 to 2x+1 halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Similarly, the terms haloalkenyl, haloalkynyl, haloalkoxy, halophenyl, and the like designate mono- to perhalogen substitution wherein the halogens may be the same or different. The term halogen designates Cl, Br, I or F.

[0083] Preferred neuronal sodium channel antagonists suitable for use in this invention are those compounds of formula I, II and III wherein the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond.

[0084] More preferred neuronal sodium channel antagonists suitable for use in the inventive method and composition are those compounds of formula I and formula III in which the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond.

[0085] Particularly preferred neuronal sodium channel antagonists are those compounds of formula I wherein A is CH₂; W is O; X is 4-OCF₃; Y is 3-CF₃; Z is 4-CN; n is 0; m, p and q are each 1; R and R₁ are each H; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond; or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0086] Further neuronal sodium channel antagonist compounds include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,116,850 and 5,304,573, the descriptions of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Exemplary of further neuronal sodium channel antagonist compounds suitable for use in the method of the invention are those compounds having the structural formula IV or V:

[0087] wherein W is O or S;

[0088] X′ and Y′ are each independently H; halogen; CN; SCN; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, NO₂, CN, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, phenyl, halophenyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfonyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxycarbonyl groups;

[0089] C₂-C₄alkenyl; C₂-C₄haloalkenyl; C₂-C₄alkynyl;

[0090] C₂-C₄haloalkynyl; C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; C₃-C₆halocycloalkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄haloalkylsulfonyl groups;

[0091] C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl; C₁-C₄haloalkylcarbonyl; or NR₂₈R₂₉;

[0092] m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

[0093] G is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″;

[0094] a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 5-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″; or

[0095] a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 6-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″;

[0096] Q′ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄alkylsulfinyl groups;

[0097] C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three groups, which may be the same or different, selected from X″;

[0098] R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and R₂₉ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond or a single bond; or

[0099] a stereoisomer thereof.

[0100] Further preferred neuronal sodium channel antagonist compounds of the invention are those compounds of formula IV or V wherein the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond.

[0101] In another preferred embodiment of this invention, the neuronal sodium channel antagonist compounds are those compounds of formula IV or V wherein W is O; X″ and Y″ are each independently H or C₁-C₆haloalkyl; m is 1; R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆ and R₂₇ are each H; G is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms; Q is halophenyl or C₁-C₄alkyl optionally substituted with one phenyl or halophenyl group; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond; or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0102] Each of the compounds of formulae I, II, III, IV and V include assymetric centers which may be represented in the stereoisomeric R-form or S-form. The present invention includes methods and compositions comprising R-isomers, S-isomers, or mixtures thereof in any ratio, of the compounds of formulae I, II, III, IV and V. For compounds of formula III, the S-isomeric form is preferred.

[0103] Advantageously, it has now been found that a neuronal sodium channel antagonist may be used to effectively control, prevent or ameliorate infection and infestation of ectoparasites on homeothermic animals. Important agronomic and companion animals such as cattle, sheep, horses, goats, pigs, llamas, camels, water buffalo, donkeys, rabbits, fallow deer, reindeer, minks, chinchillas, ferrets, racoons, chickens, geese, turkeys, ducks, dogs, cats, rats, or the like are prone to attack and infestation by biting and sucking ectoparasitic insects such as Diptera, Pthiraptera or Siphonaptera, and parasitic Acari such as ticks and mites. In particular, Diptera: Muscidae such as Musca autumnalis (face flies), Haemtobia irritans (horn flies) Stomoxys calcitrans (stable flies), heel flies, tsetse flies, blow flies or the like are breeders of filth and vectors of disease and are serious pests of animals such as cattle, horses and sheep. Further, Diptera: Hippoboscidae (louse flies) such as Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked), which is a serious parasite of sheep are problematic in animal production.

[0104] Among the Phthiraptera families known to be parasites of animals are: Trichodectidae such as Bovicola bovis (important cattle-biting louse), B. ovis (sheep-biting louse) or B. equi (horsebiting louse); Haematopinidae such as Haematopinus suis (hog louse), or H. asini (horse sucking louse); Linognathidae such as Linognathus stenopsis (goat sucking louse) or L. vituli (long-nosed cattle louse); or the like.

[0105] One of the Siphonaptera families known to infest companion animals is Pulicidae such as Archaeopsyllinae (cat and dog fleas), Spilopsyllinae (rabbit fleas), or the like.

[0106] From the Order Acarina, some of the ticks and mites known to infest production and companion animals are, Argas spp., Ornithodoros spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Boophilus spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Sarcoptes spp.,Cheyletiella spp., and the like.

[0107] Protection of homeothermic animals from the infestation of ectoparasites, particularly of the orders Diptera, Phthiraptera, Siphonaptera or Acarina may be provided or enhanced by the application or administration of a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist compound.

[0108] In the practice of this invention, an antagonist compound may be applied to the animal as a dip, spray, pour-on, spot-on, ear tag, collar, medallion, backrubber, oiler, dustbag, powder, lotion, shampoo, parenteral injection, oral dosage, or the like, preferably by a topical application such as a pour-on, spray, dip or spot-on.

[0109] The effective amount of the neuronal sodium channel antagonist compound to be used in the method of invention will vary according to the specific compound used, the mode of application, the identity of the ectoparasite to be controlled, the degree of infestation, the extent of the ectoparasitic insect population, the nature of the target host, the weather conditions, or other factors known to those in the art.

[0110] Effective dosages may range from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, preferably about 1.0 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. Naturally, quantities of greater than effective amounts of said antagonist compound may be administered, but are not required for the protection of the target animal from the ectoparasite.

[0111] Accordingly, the present invention also provides a composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist. Preferred embodiments of the composition of the invention include an aqueous dip for animals such as cattle, sheep, goats or the like, as well as a wettable powder, emulsifiable concentrate, and aqueous flowable formulation, each of which may be dispersed in a suitable solvent and applied as sprays to the fur or hide of the animals. Such sprays usually contain about 0.1 ppm to about 5000 ppm and preferably about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm of the active neuronal sodium channel antagonist compound.

[0112] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is formulated as a pour-on or spot-on formulation and applied to the backs of the animals to be treated, such as cattle, sheep or companion animals, to protect them against infestation by arthropod ectoparasites. The pour-on or spot-on compositions of this invention are suitably prepared by, dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the antagonist compound in a suitable nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. The diluent must be compatible with the antagonist and should not be a source of irritation or damage to the animal's skin or hair. Such diluents include monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, vegetable oils, spreading oils, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, lower alkyl ketones, esters, fatty acids and other diluents known in the art.

[0113] One preferred type of pour-on or spot-on formulation of this invention comprises about 0.5% to about 30% by weight of the neuronal sodium channel antagonist, about 0.5 to about 30% by weight of a spreading oil, about 30% to about 60% by weight of an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, an alcohol, a glycol, a lower alkyl ketone, or a mixture thereof, and 0% to about 20% by weight of a vegetable or mineral oil or a mixture thereof.

[0114] Another preferred type of pour-on or spot-on formulation comprises about 45% by weight of xylene, about 25% by weight of cyclohexanone, about 15% by weight of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist compound, 10% by weight of corn oil or mineral oil or a mixture thereof, and about 5% by weight of other pharmaceutically acceptable diluents such as surfactants, spreading agent, antifoam agents or the like. Among the preferred spreading agents or oils that can be utilized in pour-on formulations of this invention are fatty acids, fatty acid esters, triglycerides and fatty alcohols including: isopropyl myristate, capryl/caproic acid esters of saturated (C₁₂-C₁₈) fatty alcohols with waxy fatty acid esters, isopropyl palmitate and the like.

[0115] Alcohols, glycols and ketones useful in the practice of this invention include: ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanone, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, N-butoxybutylethoxyethanol, and the like. Vegetable oils that may be utilized in the formulations of this invention include: corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and the like.

[0116] Aromatic hydrocarbons that can be used as solvents in the formulation and method of this invention include: xylene, toluene, and the like. Other suitable solvents include but are not limited to hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide, and isopropyl myristate, and solvents similar to each of these. Combinations of solvents also may be used. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to identify suitable solvent systems. Suitable solvents are those which dissolve one or more of the other ingredients of the formulation, do not poison or harm the animal being treated, and do not negatively affect the activity of the active ingredients.

[0117] Surfactants may also be utilized in the formulations of this invention, if desired. These include any suitable surfactants known in the art.

[0118] Formulations of this invention may contain one or more active ingredients in addition to a neuronal sodium channel antagonist. These additional ingredients may include an effective amount of an insect growth regulator (IGR) known in the art, including but not limited to chitin synthesis inhibitors such as the benzoylphenylureas (e.g., diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron, lufenuron, novaluron, fluazuron, and the like), and juvenile hormone mimics such as methoprene, hydroprene, pyriproxyfen, and fenoxycarb, and the like. The amount needed to be effective will, of course, vary depending on the ectoparasite target and the particular IGR, as well as the method and conditions of application of the formulation. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to determine an effective amount for each case without undue experimentation.

[0119] Formulations of this invention may also contain an effective amount of one or more ectoparasiticides known in the art in addition to a neuronal sodium channel antagonist, including but not limited to: amidine insecticides/acaricides such as amitraz; pyrethroid/acaricides insecticides such as permethrin, cypermethrin and alpha-cypermethrin; phenylpyrazole insecticides/acaricides such as fipronil; organophosphorus insecticides such as chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, malathion, and terbufos; imidacloprid; nitepyram; carbamate insecticides; and the like. The amount of insecticide needed to be effective will, of course, vary depending on the parasite target and the particular insecticide/acaricide, as well as the method and conditions of application of the formulation. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to determine an effective amount for each case without undue experimentation.

[0120] Formulations of this invention may also contain an effective amount of one or more macrocyclic lactone (ML) parasiticides known in the art in addition to a neuronal sodium channel antagonist, including but not limited to: avermectins such as abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, selamectin, avermectin, and the like, and milbemycins such as moxidectin, milbemycin oxime, and the like. The amount of ML needed to be effective will, of course, vary depending on the parasite target and the particular ML, as well as the method and conditions of application of the formulation. Those skilled in the art will readily be able to determine an effective amount for each case without undue experimentation.

[0121] The method of this invention includes the application of formulations of this invention, including those containing more than one active ingredient such as insecticides and/or IGRs.

[0122] In order to present a more clear understanding of the invention, the following specific examples are set forth below. These examples are merely illustrative and are not to be understood as limiting the scope or underlying principles of the invention in any way. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those illustrated and described herein, will become apparent to persons skilled in the art from the following examples and the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A NEURONAL SODIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST AGAINST BLOWFLY

[0123] In this evaluation, filter paper discs are treated with an acetone solution of test compound and allowed to dry. Bovine serum and newly emerged larvae of blowfly, Lucilia sericata, are added to the treated filter paper and mortality is assessed at 24 h and 48 h and the lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₉) are calculated using regression analysis described in POLO-PC, a user's guide to probit or logit analysis, LeOra Software, Berkeley, Calif., 1987. The results are shown in Table I. TABLE I 24 h 48 h LC₅₀ LC₉₉ LC₅₀ LC₉₉ Test Compound (μg/mL) (μg/mL) (μg/mL) (μg/mL) A¹ 0.40 1.27 0.27 0.71 Standard² 0.10 0.40 0.07 0.30 ¹Compound A = formula of neuronal sodium channel antagonist

²Standard = fipronil

EXAMPLE 2 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A NEURONAL SODIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST AGAINST ADULT FLEAS

[0124] In this evaluation twelve beagles are each infested with 100 unfed adult fleas. Each dog is assessed for its ability to retain fleas by a comb count taken 24 hours post infestation. The dogs are blocked by these flea counts and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Test compounds are applied as a full body spray of a 0.40% (wt/vol) solution of test compound in a mixture of 1% Miglyol in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. One day prior to treatment each dog is infested with 100 fleas and one day post treatment the dogs are comb counted to check for knockdown efficacy. The dogs were subsequently re-infested with fleas and comb counted 24 hours later at weekly intervals. The data are averaged and shown in Table II. TABLE II Percent Efficacy Relative to Nontreated Control for Beagles Treated with a Topical Formulation of Compound A % Efficacy (DAT) Treatment 1 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 62 Compound A¹ 100 99.7 99.6 100 100 100 99.5 97.8 92.6 64.2 (20 mg/kg body wt.) Standard² 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.5 (14.5 mg/kg body wt.) Placebo 100 56.0 28.2 27.1 0.0 17.9 12.2 40.0 0.8 0.0 (Blank solvent mixture) Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (No treatment) ¹Compound A = formula of neuronal sodium channel antagonist ²Standard = fipronil

EXAMPLE 3 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A NEURONAL SODIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST COMBINED WITH ANOTHER ACTIVE INGREDIENT AGAINST ADULT FLEAS

[0125] Four formulations containing the neuronal sodium channel inhibitor designated as Compound A in Example 1, three of which also contain another active ingredient, were tested and compared to other formulations, as is shown in Table Ill.

[0126] Table III

[0127] Geometric Mean Flea Counts and Percent Efficacy (bolded) Relative to Nontreated Control for Beagles Treated with Topical Formulations of Compound A Combined with Amitraz or Permethrin Days After Treatment Treatment (mg/kg body weight) on Day 0 1 7 14 21 28 Compound A 20% w/v (40), amitraz 10% w/v 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 (20), IPM 20% w/v, cineole 10% w/v in DEET 98.2 100 99.7 99.7 100 Compound A 20% w/v (40), amitraz 10% w/v 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.2 (20), in IPM 99.7 99.7 99.3 99.4 98.5 Compound A 20% w/v (40), permethrin 20% 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 w/v (40), in DEET 92.4 100 100 100 100 Compound A 20% w/v (40) in DEET 19.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 2.1 75.8 98.6 99.1 99.7 97.3 Permethrin 20% w/v (40) in DEET 6.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 91.6 99.7 100 100 98.8 Advantage ® (10% w/v, 10 mg/kg body 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.8 13.2 weight imidacloprid) 100 100 98.6 98.9 82.8 Frontline ® (10% w/v, 6.7 mg/kg body weight 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 fipronil) 98.2 99.7 100 100 100 Nontreated Control 79.8 77.6 79.6 75.8 76.8

EXAMPLE 4 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF A NEURONAL SODIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST COMBINED WITH ANOTHER ACTIVE INGREDIENT AGAINST TICKS

[0128] The formulations used in Example 3 were used against ticks with the results shown below in Table IV. TABLE IV Geometric Mean Tick Counts and Percent Efficacy (bolded) Relative to Nontreated Control for Beagles Treated with Topical Formulations of Compound A Combined with Amitraz or Permethrin Days After Treatment Treatment (mg/kg body weight) on Day 0 1 7 14 21 28 Compound A 20% w/v (40), amitraz 10% w/v 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 (20), IPM 20% w/v, cineole 10% w/v in DEET 96.2 100 98.3 98.3 98.4 Compound A 20% w/v (40), amitraz 10% w/v 2.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 3.8 (20), in IPM 91.9 99.2 96.9 96.9 86.3 Compound A 20% w/v (40), permethrin 20% 7.0 2.5 2.5 5.9 12.4 w/v (40), in DEET 77.7 92.1 90.6 77.3 54.8 Compound A 20% w/v (40) in DEET 10.1 6.5 6.5 12.8 9.7 66.8 79.1 75.3 50.7 64.7 Permethrin 20% w/v (40) in DEET 5.5 1.1 1.3 2.6 8.2 82.2 96.5 95.1 90.2 70.1 Advantage ® (10% w/v, 10 mg/kg body 3.2 3.3 6.0 9.2 11.9 weight imidacloprid) 89.7 89.3 77.4 64.9 56.8 Frontline ® (10% w/v, 6.7 mg/kg body weight 3.6 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.7 fipronil) 88.3 98.6 96.9 97.7 93.8 Nontreated Control 30.6 31.0 26.3 26.1 27.5 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for the prevention, amelioration or control of ectoparasitic infection or infestation in a homeothermic animal which comprises administering to a homeothermic animal in need thereof a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula I, II or III

wherein A is CR₄R₅ or NR₆; W is O or S; X, Y, Z, X′, Y′ and Z′ are each independently H; halogen; OH; CN; NO₂; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyloxy or sulfonyloxy groups; C₁-C₆alkoxy optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₃alkoxy or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups; C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkylcarbonyloxy, phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxy groups; aminocarbonyloxy optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₃alkyl groups; C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyloxy; C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyloxy; C₂-C₆alkenyl; or NR₁₂R₁₃; m, p and q are each independently an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; n is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; r is an integer of 1 or 2; t is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4; R, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl; R₆ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy,C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkylthio, or C₁-C₆ haloalkylthio; R₇ and R₈ are each independently H; halogen; C₁-C₆alkyl; C₁-C₆alkylcarbonyloxy; or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy or C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy groups; R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently H, or C₁-C₄alkyl; R₁₁ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or C₁-C₆ haloalkoxycarbonyl; R₁₂ and R₁₃ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl; G is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, CN, NO₂S(O),R₁₄, COR₁₅, CO₂R₁₆, phenyl or C₃-C₆cycloalkyl groups; C₁-C₆alkoxy; C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy; CN; NO₂; S(O)_(u)R₁₇; COR₁₈; CO₂R₁₉; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, or C₁-C₃ haloalkoxy groups; C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; or phenylthio; Q is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, SCN, NO₂, S(O)_(u)R₂₀, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆ haloalkoxy, or NR₂₁R₂₂ groups; u is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₈, R₁₉, R₂₁ and R₂₂ are each independently H or C₁-C₆alkyl; R₁₇ and R₂₀ are each independently C₁-C₆alkyl or C₁-C₆ haloalkyl; R₃₃ is CO₂R₃₄; R₃₄ is H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, phenyl or halophenyl; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond or a single bond; or a stereoisomer thereof.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula IV or V

wherein W is O or S; X″ and Y″ are each independently H; halogen; CN; SCN; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, NO₂, CN, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, phenyl, halophenyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl, or C₁-C₄alkoxycarbonyl groups; C₂-C₄alkenyl; C₂-C₄ haloalkenyl; C₂-C₄alkynyl; C₂-C₄ haloalkynyl; C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; C₃-C₆halocycloalkyl; phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkoxy, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, C₁-C₄alkylthio, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄ haloalkylsulfonyl groups; C₁-C₄alkylcarbonyl; C₁-C₄haloalkylcarbonyl; or NR₂₈R₂₉; m is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; G is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″; a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 5-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″; or a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing one or two heteroatoms selected from 0 or 1 oxygen, 0 or 1 sulfur and 0, 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms said 6-membered heteroaromatic ring being attached via carbon and being optionally substituted with one or more groups which may be the same or different selected from X″; Q′ is H; C₁-C₆alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxycarbonyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen, CN, NO₂, C₁-C₄alkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkyl, C₁-C₄alkylsulfonyl or C₁-C₄alkylsulfinyl groups; C₂-C₆alkenyl; C₂-C₆alkynyl; or phenyl optionally substituted with one to three groups, which may be the same or different, selected from X″; R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, R₂₈ and R₂₉ are each independently H or C₁-C₄alkyl; and the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond or a single bond; or a stereoisomer thereof.
 4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula IV.
 5. The method according to claim 2 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula I or III.
 6. The method according to claim 5 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound in which the dotted line configuration C═N in formula I or III represents a double bond.
 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is an S-isomer of a compound of formula III.
 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein A is CH₂; W is O; X is 4-OCF₃; Y is 3-CF₃; Z is 4-CN; n is 0; m, p and q are each 1; R and R₁ are each H; and the dotted line C═N represents a double bond.
 9. The method according to claim 2 further comprising administration of a prophylactically, therapeutically or pharmaceutically effective amount of an additional active ingredient selected from insecticides, acaricides, macrocyclic lactones and insect growth regulators.
 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein the additional active ingredient is an insecticide.
 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein the additional active ingredient is an acaricide.
 12. The method according to claim 9 wherein the additional active ingredient is a macrocyclic lactone.
 13. The method according to claim 9 wherein the additional active ingredient is an insect growth regulator.
 14. The method according to claim 1 wherein the ectoparasite is selected from the group consisting of Diptera; Pthiraptera; Siphonáptera; and Acarina.
 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the ectoparasites are selected from the group consisting of fleas; lice; blow flies; face flies, horn flies, mites and ticks.
 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the homeothermic animal is selected from the group consisting of cattle; sheep; horse; goat; pig; camel; llama; water buffalo; donkey; rabbit; fallow deer; reindeer; mink; chinchilla; ferret; racoon; chicken; geese; turkey; duck; dog and cat.
 17. The method according to claim 15 wherein the homeothermic animal is selected from the group consisting of cattle; sheep; horse; dog and cat.
 18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula I in which: A is CH₂; W is 0; X is 4-OCF₃; Y is 3-CF₃; Z is 4-CN; m, p and q are each 1; n is 0; R and R₁ are each H; and the dotted line C═N represents a double bond.
 19. The method according to claim 1 further comprising administering an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of an insect growth regulator.
 20. The method according to claim 19 wherein the insect growth regulator is a chitin synthesis inhibitor.
 21. The method according to claim 19 wherein the insect growth regulator is a juvenile hormone mimic.
 22. The method according to claim 1 further comprising administering an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of an insecticidal or acaricidal compound.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the insecticidal or acaricidal compound is selected from the group consisting of amitraz, imidacloprid, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, and fipronil.
 24. The method according to claim 1 further comprising administering an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the macrocyclic lactone is selected from the group consisting of abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, selamectin, moxidectin and milbemycin oxime.
 26. A composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an ectoparasiticidally effective amount of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist.
 27. The composition according to claim 26 wherein said neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula I, II or III as defined in claim
 2. 28. The composition according to claim 26 wherein said neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula IV or V as defined in claim
 3. 29. The composition according to claim 28 wherein said neuronal sodium channel antagonist is a compound of formula IV.
 30. The composition according to claim 27 wherein the dotted line configuration C═N represents a double bond.
 31. The composition according to claim 30 wherein said antagonist is an S-isomer of a compound of formula III.
 32. The composition according to claim 30 wherein A is CH₂; W is O; X is 4-OCF₃; Y is 3-CF₃; Z is 4-CN; m, p and q are each an integer of 1; n is 0; and R and R₁ are each H.
 33. The composition according to claim 32 further comprising an insect growth regulator.
 34. The composition according to claim 33 wherein said insect growth regulator is a chitin synthesis inhibitor.
 35. The composition according to claim 33 wherein said insect growth regulator is a juvenile hormone mimic.
 36. The composition according to claim 26 further comprising an insect growth regulator.
 37. The composition according to claim 36 wherein said insect growth regulator is a chitin synthesis inhibitor.
 38. The composition according to claim 36 wherein said insect growth regulator is a juvenile hormone mimic.
 39. The composition of claim 32 further comprising an insecticidal or acaricidal compound.
 40. The composition of claim 39 wherein said insecticidal or acaricidal compound is selected from the group consisting of amitraz, imidacloprid, organophosphorus insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, and fipronil.
 41. The composition of claim 39 wherein said insecticidal or acaricidal compound comprises amitraz.
 42. The composition of claim 32 further comprising a macrocyclic lactone.
 43. The composition of claim 42 wherein said macrocyclic lactone is selected from the group consisting of abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, selamectin, moxidectin and milbemycin oxime.
 44. The composition according to claim 26 further comprising a macrocyclic lactone.
 45. The composition according to claim 26 further comprising diethyl toluamide.
 46. An ectoparisiticidal composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and about 20% w/v of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist which is a compound of the formula:

together with about 10% w/v of amitraz, about 20% w/v of isopropyl myristate and about 10% cineole in diethyl toluamide.
 47. An ectoparisiticidal composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and about 20% w/v of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist which is a compound of the formula:

together with about 10% w/v of amitraz, in isopropyl myristate.
 48. An ectoparisiticidal composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and about 20% w/v of a neuronal sodium channel antagonist which is a compound of the formula:

together with about 20% w/v of permethrin, in diethyltoluamide. 